IB World 21st Century: Using What You Know...?

Friday, February 12, 2016

Using What You Know...?

So now everyone should be signed in and have access. We are one semester and 6 weeks into our two year endeavor so time to step it up a notch. With adding the blog process to help develop our skills in writing specifically for the IB.

Using the following prompt from the 2007 IB Exam - construct and post your introductory paragraph for this essay.

For what reasons, and with what results, was the second half of the nineteenth century a period of social and economic change?

Part One: Your Answer.
These are essays of historical interpretation you should set the direction, tone and structure of the rest of your essay with the introduction - thesis, main ideas of support you would further develop in the body of the essay, and briefly what your conclusion is. You will have one week to draft and post your response, so postings are due by Friday Feb. 19th.

Part Two: Peer Critique.
You will have one week to reply to someone, be prepared to address several people, they do not need to be in your class section. Critiques should be constructive, inquisitive, helpful, more than a simple praise or complaint. They will be released first come, first serve to the person you critiqued. So if you are not the first one, you will need to critique another. You will have one week to complete this process, so peer critiques are due by Friday, Feb. 26th.

After Part two is complete I will post the moderator comments from IB for this exam question so you can better craft your replies with consideration for what IB was looking for in this essay.

Part Three: Your Reply.
You will need to reply to the critique. Answer the question(s) posed. Explain in more detail. Honestly consider the insights, inquiries, etc. proffered by your peers. Again you will have one week to complete this final part of the blogging process, so replies are due by Friday, Mar. 4th

Any late work will be penalized 10% for everyday it is late, plus it delays the opportunity for you to participate further in this assignment. I look forward to seeing how you apply what we have done so far this semester to the demands of the IB. Gook Luck!

176 comments:

Anonymous2/18/2016 11:37 AM
During the second half of the 19 Century in Europe social and economic change was making monumental strides. The idea of the middle class was a change that caused positive innovations to occur. The French Revolution as well as the repercussions of the Industrial Revolution (such as the steam engine) caused the middle class to rise in stature and therefore caused the need for new reforms. The Industrial Revolution created more jobs and easier transportation and the French Revolution created a more equal distribution of power as well as money. These social and economic transformations are what caused the second half of 19 Century Europe to be so monumental.
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Anonymous2/18/2016 2:07 PM
The late nineteenth century is an era categorized by rapid social and economic changes. During this time major key inventions were invented, making this era a time of expanding technology and creating new and more efficient means of manufacture. These new inventions, such as the Steam Engine, had long-lasting effects on the economy by allowing railroad expansion and the creation of the Suez Canal. Railroad expansion allowed for a rapid increase of exports and imports, therefore creating an influx of cash. Similarly to the transports entering in and out, new ideals of a social revolution were evolving during this time period. As an increase of factories progressed there was an increased need for factory workers. The conditions in the factories were insufferable and the hours were too long, such conditions needed for a revolt of some sort. The 1819 Peterloo Massacre occurred in order to demand change of parliamentary reformation, because the working class was virtually unheard. Other efforts to obtain representation from the bourgeois consisted as forms of social revolutions in order to establish the themes and ideals of natural rights, freedom, and nationalism that were common globally during this time period. Due to the rapid industrialization and poor working conditions, the second half of the nineteenth century was a major period of social and economic change.
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Unknown2/18/2016 2:11 PM
Introduction:
The second half of the 19th century in Europe saw both a social and economic revolution that had not been seen before in Europe. The development from the industrial revolution led to both an increase in divisions of wealth between the upper class and the lower class. This, as well spreading democracy from the French and American Revolutions led to new political ideas such as communism and an overall increase in democracy. These in turn led to widespread political change like the German and Italian Unifications and the Revolutions of 1848.
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Unknown2/18/2016 3:27 PM
The second half of the 19th century was a greater period of social than economic change, because it is during this time that the events and ideas of the first half of the century manifested in action. There was some change economically, as can be seen with the end of the Second Opium War, allowing much more accessible trade with China, but the majority of change was happening socially. The increase of the idea of Nationalism culminated in united kingdoms for both Italy and Germany, and helped many nations, such as Romania and Serbia, gain their freedom from the Ottoman empire.
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Anonymous2/18/2016 3:35 PM
The second half of the 19th century was a period of both economic and social change for a number of reasons. Industrialization caused population growth and self interest, an increase in nationalism, and a growing availability and demand of key resources. Romanticism and artistic movements increased emphasis on literature, music, as well as technology. Emerging ideas of socialism and communism spread across Europe changing the way people viewed government and aided in both German and Italian unification. Overall, both economic and social changes across Europe in the 19th century were fueled by and number of reasons and results of industrialization, romanticism, and ideas of socialism and communism.
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Ellie Monblatt2/18/2016 4:45 PM
19th century essay:
The second half of the nineteenth century was one of many changes as industrialization, imperialism, nationalism, and communism struck the world with new ideas and results which rapidly distorted social and economic aspects of Europe. The new economic systems throughout Europe were influenced by industrialization which drove capitalism and new production methods to create trade and economy never known to Europe. Then, with the rise of imperialism, nations implemented military action to spread their power to global markets and begin trade centers. Socially, nationalism brought about unifications of Italy and Germany and conversely, the disruption of other multinational empires which isolated and consolidated many powers in Europe and left the largest impacts on the ideals of the time period. Finally, communist and socialist ideas thrived and changed how people thought about fair social systems. Overall, with industrialization, imperialism, nationalism, and communism working together, the latter half of the nineteenth century was a progressive and flourishing time of economic and social change.
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Anonymous2/18/2016 5:05 PM
As the nineteenth century progressed revolutions sparked, unification drive emerged and new ideals developed. Toward the second half of the century, social and economic change was brought about by the advancement of the Old Industrial Revolution to the Second Industrial Revolution and rising nationalism. The Industrial Revolution during this time led to the decline of mercantilism and the rise of industrial capitalism in some european countries such as Britain, then bringing them prosperity, and furthermore aiding in the rising nationalism. However, in other countires such as Italy and Austria, growing nationalism was weakening their country, and therefore then was impairing their ability to industrialize.
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Unknown2/18/2016 5:25 PM
The second half of the nineteenth century was a period of social and economic change due to discontent over governance, and the Industrial Revolution, resulting in a global restlessness along with internal and external expansion of national economies. The revolution of France’s Second Republic sparked revolt against established government and quickly spread across the world, upsetting traditional rulers and systems during the 1848 Spring of Peoples. The Industrial Revolution’s increase in urban factories strengthened local economies, producing booming growth of cities, and the increased the popularity of external growth through Imperialism. Despite some failures during the Spring of Peoples’ revolutions, the short term successes and freedoms gained by middle and lower classes prepared countries for more lasting changes in the future by prompting the question, “If others can become independent why can’t we?” The strength of factory based economies increased the instances of countries using Imperialism and firmly ended the prevalence of Cottage Industry.

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Unknown2/18/2016 6:07 PM
The second half of the 1800s was a time of much change. Their were very few aspects of the society that were left untouched, as new inventions, shifts in political systems and a change in work force led to many changes. Yet, social and economic changes were the most evident during the time period. This caused the time period to be extensively considered to be a time period of social and economic change. The social change was brought on by an increase in urbanization, which lead to events such as the waterloo massacre. Economic changes were brought on by new inventions, which lead to the ability of mass production, with the help of the steam engine. All of these changes both socially and economically were the cause of many ripple affects in history as it taught people not only about modernization but also how to handle change in general. For these reasons the social and economic impacts that occurred were impactful enough to be used to label this time period.
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brynn.svenningsen2/18/2016 6:42 PM
Europe faced many economic and social changes in the second half of the nineteenth century, many of which stemmed distantly from the industrial revolution that occurred in the eighteenth century, and allowed changes in the leadership of industry in Europe. Primarily allowing for Germany to become the leader in European industry, and economic competition to begin among many countries. Industrial development continued to grow allowing for chemical and electrical equipment to become the largest export from Germany. The economic changes in Europe were also due to the global economy that was created due to the economic pressure supplied by imperialism. These pressures allowed for trade and colonization to occur in increased amounts. The movement of “New Imperialism” allowed for the trade of resources without a middleman, which improved the economic return from global industry. Economic developments led to social developments like the creation of new social classes. Including the Bourgeoisie and rising middle class; both causing the power of monarchs and aristocrats to decrease significantly.
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Liz P2/18/2016 7:18 PM
The second half of the nineteenth century was not only a period of social and economic change. Rather, it was more so a period of economic and political change, with social changes as a result. Radical political, economic, and social changes were brought about in the early nineteenth century due to the merging of political and economic revolutions into what Hobsbawn called the “dual revolution” coupled with the spirit of Romanticism. This eventually culminated in the Revolutions of 1848, but they failed to achieve many of the liberal revolutionary goals. Thus, more conservative nationalism emerged in the second half of the nineteenth century as the driving force behind political and economic changes including the domestic policy of Emperor Napoleon III, the unification of Italy, and the unification of Germany resulting in larger and more unified countries.
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Unknown2/18/2016 7:50 PM
The second half of the nineteenth century was a period of social and economic change because of the developments of the ideas of Romanticism in music, art, literature, and thinking; and because of the developments made during the industrial revolution including the creation of the steam engine and the creation of factories. These developments resulted in revolutionizing the thought process of individuals, the economic structure of communities, and transformed transportation.

-Dianna Link
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Unknown2/18/2016 7:55 PM
The second half of the nineteenth century was very much a period of social change through unification and communist/socialist ideals as well as a period of economic change through industrialization and imperialism throughout the world. Socially, unification was established through nationalism throughout Europe, and most prevalently in Italy and Germany. Communist and socialist ideals were being presented by Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto as well as Marx in Das Kapital, which both introduced new thought systems into the world. Economically, industrialization was thriving and drove capitalism as well as manufacturing and trade. Imperialism was brought about by countries’ desires to spread their empire and expand globally across seas to bring about trade as well. Social and economic changes were occurring in numerous ways and in numerous places across the globe, which all contributed to a rapidly growing and changing world in the 19th century.
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Josie Mottram2/18/2016 8:15 PM
The second half of of the nineteenth century was characterized as a time period of reform and change, brought on by ideals that came out of Enlightenment and Romanticism. These ideals push old boundaries to support a new age of ideas and change. Nationalism during the second half of the 19th century caused a period of social changed that resulted in Risorgimento and unification efforts of Germany. Increased Nationalism also resulted economic changes including Zollverein in Germany and Tanzimat in the Ottoman Empire. Social changes including "White Man's Burden" were caused by imperialism in the second half of the nineteenth century. Economic changes during this time period, including a growing economy in Europe, was prompted by the Industrial Revolution. Overall, social changes were brought on by imperialism and nationalism, and resulted in "The White Man's Burden" and unification efforts, and economic changes were brought on by the Industrial Revolution and increasing nationalism, and resulted in Zollverein and Tanzimat and a growing economy.
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Anonymous2/18/2016 8:17 PM
The first half of the nineteenth century consisted of many revolutions, sparking ideas of independence and change on a larger scale than ever before. The emergence of new ideas and resistance in the first half of the nineteenth century led to a significant transformation in society during the second half. The second half of the nineteenth century was a period of social and economic change as socially people began to express themselves freely through the arts, gain new ideas about their rights and freedom and establish a concrete sense of nationality and economically as individual nations began to emerge, trade shifted and increased with the rise of the industrial revolution, and an overall rise of the middle class occurred.
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Anonymous2/18/2016 8:37 PM

The late half of the nineteenth century was heavily influenced by massive social and economic changes, First being Germany. Germany became the largest economic power in Europe, Germany far exceeded the production of any other European nation in chemicals and electrical equipment. The nation continued to expand its trade networks and soon enjoyed a flood of new plants and factories. Great Britain tried to retake its position as industrial leader, but Germany would not give up its newly acquired title so easily. The United States also enjoyed success during the Second Industrial Revolution. In fact, industry had made the U.S. the richest nation in the world at this time. This changed the world greatly since Germany was a relatively new nation, along with America and Great Britain, the emergence of these economic powers would lead the world along its course for the industrial revolution of the rest of the world, being the largest economic and industrial powers also gave the nations a lot of strength to imperialize. Social changes were effective immediately along with the rise of many scientific theories still popular today, an example would be Charles Darwin, Charles theorized the possibility of evolution, which made much sense to the scientific community and was a revolutionary new idea that changed many views in the public on the process of life. Charles Darwin’s ideas were somewhat dangerous, as they were infringing on the belief of God many still hold true, Darwin’s ideas were dangerous in this way because humanity had strong belief in God and claiming that the ways humanity came to be were different than written in the bible was a risk to declare.
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Unknown2/18/2016 8:41 PM
During the beginning of the 1800s, the industrial revolution and romantic era led to an increased appreciation for scientific thought and realism that occurred in the late nineteenth century. Thus, the second half of the nineteenth century was a time of many developments: new philosophies surrounding government and ways of life were circulated - putting more emphasis on scientific progress; the second phase of the industrial revolution began, leading to a rise in the middle class, and there was another drive for global power from various European states including the colonization of Africa. These events resulted in a time of social and economic change during the second half of the nineteenth century in Europe that had been unheard of in the previous century. This set the stage for some of the greatest economic revolutions as well as modernization in Europe leading to an era that would change the course of modern history.
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Anonymous2/18/2016 8:48 PM
The Congress of Vienna, which ultimately lead to the fall of Napoleon in the early 1800’s drove unity and a new sense of nationalism throughout Europe. With the threat of Napoleon and his empire no longer an issue, people were able to concentrate on other things, initiating the Industrial Revolution, an era of rapid development in industry with the use of the steam engine, the growth of factories, and mass production. This nationalism, unity, increase in scientific thinking, and advances in technology throughout Europe led to the second half of the nineteenth century being a period of both social and economic changes. These social and economic changes laid out a future for Europe that involved urbanization, a better education, and a healthier population.
Maddie Fuchs
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Anonymous2/18/2016 9:10 PM
The eighteenth century was a pivotal time period in Europe, especially during the second half. It's no doubt that there was a substantial amount of political turmoil with many new countries forming or reshaping their borders. Despite the physical separation, economic and social changes seemed to seamlessly cross borders. The largest contributors to economic and social perspectives are the Industrial Revolution and the Romanticism Era respectively, making the second half of the eighteenth century full of drastic changes.
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Unknown2/18/2016 9:24 PM
Following the rise of the Industrial Revolution and the Revolutions of 1848, Europe underwent a series of social and economic changes which not only impacted Europe, but the entire world. Spurred by the rapid growth of industry, trade between nations grew rampantly and a world economy began to develop. Then, through the flourishing of trade, Imperialism sprouted, causing a drastic move towards Colonization. This all led to social and economic growth. Resulting in a new economy with a vast amount of machines replacing human laborious work, a new social classification system as well as a shift in leading nations, and new changes that will lead to the development of the modern world.
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Unknown2/18/2016 9:25 PM
The second half of the nineteenth century can be characterized as a period of social and economic change strongly influenced by capitalist ventures. During this period, capitalistic schemes triggered social changes by redefining national apparatuses as a result of European expansion and worldwide warfare, as well as dismantling human rights during imperialistic conquests, and by invoking Communist and Proletarian opposition towards the capitalist bourgeoisie. Likewise, capitalistic motives also stimulated economic changes by generating wartime profits during out-breaking wars, and by fueling the development of technologies that provided higher efficiency and greater profit. In addition to developing imperialism to its highest stage, as Vladimir Lenin had outlined, capitalistic reasons were also the driving force in social and economic changes during the last half of the nineteenth century.
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Unknown2/18/2016 9:54 PM
During the second half of the nineteenth century, prominent social and economic changes in Europe helped define its pre- World War I state. Karl Marx’s The Communist Manifesto and Social Darwinism greatly influenced various social aspects of this period. Literature during the late 19th century helped shape new ideals and the idea of white man’s burden became another leading movement in social change. In addition to the social changes that were happening, the economy of Europe was also shifting. The Zollverein and industrialization played a huge part in how Europe’s economy changed. Overall, the second half of the nineteenth century in Europe was a period of social and economic change.
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Unknown2/18/2016 10:26 PM
Throughout the 19th century, there were many advancements in technology and this allowed many social effects to take place. The advancement of technology during the Industrial Revolution led to more trading being done between nations due to the invention of the steam engine, making trade both easier and quicker. In order to create more trade-able goods, factories were created and with it came urbanization and a need for resources. This leads to more expansion to obtain more resources and provided a variety of social effects worldwide. These effects were things like the conquering of many native peoples, which lead to many problems like the Boxer Rebellion and Scramble for Africa. In the conclusion, the combination of many effects that the Industrial Revolution caused allowed the increase of trade due to better ways to travel from the invention of the steam engine and more goods produced from factories. This helped European countries to conquer many foreign nations due to the great advancements over the native people of other nations.
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Anonymous2/18/2016 10:47 PM
The second half of the nineteenth century was a period of social and economic changes. This period of time was changed by Romanticism, Revolutions, and Industrialization. Romanticism brought social changes through the way people thought and interpreted information formed from influential people like Beethoven. The decline of the Ottoman Empire lead to more territory available and the advancement of new thinking. This decline also lead to the revolutions of 1848 which changed the way the political and social world worked. Industrialization changed 19th century economics with new forms of power and energy.
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Marina Cannon2/18/2016 10:52 PM
The late 1800s were a time of change in all aspects of life in Europe, especially in social and economic spheres. The second half of the nineteenth century was a period of economic and social change because of the increasing ability to mass produce in factories, the large number of workers that worked for low wages, the emergence of new industries including railroads, and the differences in opinions between capitalists, communists, and socialists. This is evidenced by the growth of corporations, economic plans such as Zollverein, and the creation of working towns.The results of these drastic changes were a growing wage gap between the rich and the poor, societal desire for restructuring governments such as in Germany, and a growing importance of city life.
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Unknown2/18/2016 11:15 PM
The second half of the nineteenth century was a period of economic change and saw drastic and revolutionary changes in social and political attitudes. The western world, under the influence of the political revolution and democracy in America, pushed firmly for egalitarian forces to come to play in their own world and become disenchanted with the rich. Simultaneously, the industrialization of Europe allowed for the emergence of a healthy middle class. At the turn of the century, the Europe of one hundred years prior was a radically different, and in many ways superior, economic, political, and social continent than the one that it had been.

The Revolutions of 1848 were a symbol of the attitude shift that occurred during this time. The French Revolution and the Revolutions of 1848 had very similar causes; the proletariat demanded equal rights and opportunity. These revolutions started primarily in Italy, and were driven by different things in different regions, ranging from hunger to taxation. Though incredibly violent, short, and ultimately unsuccessful in changing any sort of profound revolution, they were a startling symbol for the kind of changes that would come. All across Europe, citizens demonstrated a clear desire to make a change in the policy and political ideologies of the nation. Although through much of history, Europe had been ruled by kings or been a Republic, there was a beginning in a shift towards democratically ruled states. These changes were the catalyst for a movement into a socially and politically progressive twentieth century.

Particularly in Great Britain, the Industrial Revolution brought a whole new layer to the heated debates regarding the economic inequality throughout Europe. As technological advances boomed, jobs in factories and at manufacturing professions significantly increased. Ordinary workers had the opportunity to work in these industrialized professions and earn a decent wage, producing a burgeoning middle class. These factories were often home to horrifying working conditions, long hours, abuse, and child labor. Laws dictating the extent to which this could occur would be drafted later, but for the time being, factory workers, although underpaid and maltreated to significant extents, were the start of a middle class that would erupt in the twentieth century and prove robust to the present day in comparison around the world.

20th century Europe proved to be a radically different social and economic climate than that at the beginning of the 19th century. Throughout the 1800s, revolutionists and brilliant thinkers transformed the social climate, encouraging egalitarianism and democracy, often at the expense of life through violent revolutions, and improved the economics of Europe by creating a middle class and producing additional jobs for the average employee. Changes that took place in these hundred years continue to impact Europeans.

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Anonymous2/18/2016 11:54 PM
The second half of the nineteenth century was a period characterized by developing nationalist ideals, great technological improvement, sweeping political change, and a fundamental reshaping of economies across the globe. Much of this change was brought about by the Napoleonic Wars and their residual effects, as well as flourishing scientific discovery; the rise of capitalism also had a massive effect on many of the social and economic changes that occurred throughout the century. Through these major economic and social changes during this time period, the world (especially Europe) became truly modernized in the second half of the nineteenth century.
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Unknown2/19/2016 12:25 AM
The nineteenth century was one of much progress, peace, and tremendous social and economic change and advancement. The Industrial Revolution which had begun in England during the second half of the eighteenth century, spread throughout all of Europe, creating many changes in the economy and the roles of people in society. Machine labor took over for human labor as large scale production became more prominent. Coal and the steam engine became dominant forces, then leading to oil, steel, electricity, and internal combustion engines later in the century. With all of these advances, the social as well as the economic setting changed. During the course of the massive industrial revolution throughout Europe, the economy shifted to a factory system in which division of labor, standardization, and the assembly line became more conspicuous. Socially, Europe saw cities grow larger, more attention was paid to education, and humanitarianism appeared more as well.
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Anonymous2/19/2016 7:16 AM
Throughout the late 18th and early 19th century a series of important political, historical, intellectual, and social events laid the groundwork for more change in the late 19th century. Revolutions cleared political landscapes, new ideas created new political landscapes, and the advancement of technology and intellectual opportunity hastened new developments. The second half of the 19th century was a period of economic and social change because of culminating events and new people, ideas, and visions.
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Unknown2/19/2016 7:17 AM
The second half of the nineteenth century was a period of social and economic change, the reasoning behind this stems from the innovations in both of those fields. Economic change stemmed from the growing innovations in machinery, that ultimately yielded the result of growing industrialism and mass produced products. Social change stemmed from new social ideas being explored at the time such as, imperialism, communism, and socialism; this resulted in more of a variety of social structures and norms through out the world.
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katie2/19/2016 7:29 AM
Over time, society evolves just as ideals, people, and technological developments do. With each new ideal or event, society conforms to fit these ideals or to challenge them. Europe experienced large amounts of political, intellectual, economic, and social change throughout the 19th century that connect to as far back as Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna. During the second half of the 19th century, new developments in technology, changes in art and literature, and political movements sparked from Napoleon’s rule, the congress of Vienna, Imperialism, and Nationalism.
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Unknown2/19/2016 7:30 AM
The late nineteenth century was the quality of life in cities, and had improved dramatically for the working class and ordinary people. The population began to increase which lead to new markets for products and a larger labor market. The economic stability throughout Europe allowed for businessmen to invest in new enterprises and discover new markets. The social and economic difference between the lower and upper classes continued and industrial growth created a new way of life.
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Unknown2/19/2016 8:40 AM
For what reasons, and with what results, was the second half of the nineteenth century a period of
social and economic change?

In the second half of the nineteeth century, Europe went through drastic changes and upheval due to economic and social strife. In economics, it was due to changes in the systems of urbanizations and factory systems that revamped the social classes while in social it was due to what these conditions leaded too, as well as strife between classes due to new unearthing ideas of equality and the rising of the middle class.
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Anonymous2/19/2016 8:43 AM
The mid nineteenth century was an impactful time of social and economic change throughout the world resulting in international governmental reform and permanent technological advances. Driving forces of this change included the rise of socialism as a prominent form of government, increased industrialization, and the revolutions of 1848 across Europe. These factors brought about new political styles, technological advances, and an overall better connected world. (Sam Kail)
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Anonymous2/19/2016 8:58 AM
The late half of the nineteenth century was a period of social and economic change that bred rise to a before-unseen world in which progress moved at a rhythm which was not dictated by the labor of men, but enhanced by the rhythm of machines. Within this period prosperity was brought upon by the large-scale enlightenment and the movement of the industrial revolution. Both of these colossal events did much to urbanize the known world and brought forth new ideologies and scientific minds. New social and economic understandings differed with those of old, leading to conformity whether through the adopting of new ideologies or by brutal uprising. The new ideas that came from this era helped do much to turn the tables in Eurasian power and affected the way we think even today.
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Anonymous2/19/2016 8:58 AM
Throughout the first half of the nineteenth century, the Industrial Revolution and the Romantic Era put forth many advancements. This allowed for the social and economic advancements caused by the industry and the arts, music and literature to develop. These social and economic changes were greatly increased throughout the second half of the nineteenth century, by producing art, and strengthened the economic stability by the growth of industry.
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French 342 - Cate Owen2/19/2016 9:44 AM
The second half of the nineteenth century was a period of social and economic change because of movements such as the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution. These events brought forth new ways of thinking and new ways of life through urbanization and the acceptance of more scientific and factual ideas. New norms for labor drastically changed society’s everyday life, and conflict arose as new ideas clashed with old ones. Those who wanted to stick to the old ways that they were comfortable with resented those who desired to bring about a new way of perceiving life. The poor grew poorer as the Industrial revolution brought about worsening work conditions. Although, the Industrial Revolution did in fact benefit the economy greatly. Imperialism widely expanded cultures to incorporate more traditions. The Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution turned the tables on European life throughout the nineteenth century and made impacts that are still present today.
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Anonymous2/19/2016 10:48 AM
The second half of the nineteenth century in Europe was an era of new social and intellectual ideals, political reforms, economic increase, and imperial conquests throughout the world. The intellectual and social ideals changed the way individuals looked at societal conditions, political reforms challenged the old order of nations by revolutions, economic increase showed the growth of Europe, and imperial conquests resulted in the gain of land, raw materials, and natural resources. Specifically, the economic changes that were most prominent were found through industrialization, and the boost in new factories and technology. Additionally, the economic increase as a result of Imperialism throughout the continents of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East was exceedingly great. The social changes that were most significant throughout Europe were the growing ideas of communism and socialism. In a communist society, individuals of the working class own everything and these things are shared equally throughout the community in the form of the needs of individuals, instead of skill and working hours. However, in a socialist society, these same standards apply but to a lesser extreme, while focusing on the inequalities of the working class as capitalism emerged.

The Conclusion paragraph will cohere the results of social and economic changes during the second half of the nineteenth century and the reasons of the significance of these things to how/why the history of Europe played out the way it did during the this time.
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Unknown2/19/2016 10:56 AM
The period of social and economic change that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century can be attributed to many different reasons. With the ongoing growth of industrialism, considerable changes in the social and economic structure in Europe took place as new innovations created the need for more large-scale factories. Social change during this time can also be attributed to the emergence of imperialism. With the booming economy from the Industrial Revolution, the powerful nations of Europe were ready to expand their powers to create greater and more powerful nations. Between the increase in the amount of large-scale factories and the emergence of imperialism, the second half of the nineteenth century unwittingly became a period of social and economic change.
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Anonymous2/19/2016 11:12 AM
Ellen Huggins
The second half of the nineteenth century was a period of economic and social change in Europe because of the evolving climate of what it meant to be a citizen of a country, and the differing ideals in nationalism that came along with it. These resulted in unrest that lead to changes in leadership during this time period, but ultimately increased the amount of nationalism felt by citizens and created a greater identity for Europe in general.
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Isabel Rowland2/19/2016 11:16 AM
The second half of the nineteenth century was a period of economic change due to the Industrial Revolution that resulted in an increase in population, and social changes due to the French Revolution that resulted a push for freedom and equality. In the Industrial Revolution, industrialization led to a population increase which in turn led to urbanization, when people began to move to cities in search of jobs. Working conditions worsened and industrial capitalism emerged. The French Revolution caused new ideals that eventually led to the abolition of monarchies and spread of democracy.
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Anonymous2/20/2016 9:32 PM
The second half of the nineteenth century was a time of change based on contradicting views in Europe on the social and economic aspects of society. During this time period, there were many social changes because of the emerging enlightenment ideals and the ruling of France by Napoleon; there were also many economic changes that were the result of technological advancements of the Industrial Revolution.
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Anonymous2/21/2016 6:53 PM
The second half of the nineteenth was a time period of both socially and economically changed by creating new opportunities for nations to gain further resources and by influencing the view of racism of many. Economically, the rise of new inventions brought by industrialization, such as advancements of the steam engine and cotton factories, changed the course of the nineteenth century by changing how people live their lives, as well as goods immediately available to various nations. Socially, the view of racism toward non-white people was changed during the nineteenth century due to sources such as, “The White Man’s Burden,” which became a euphemism for imperialism. These changes that occurred during this century were influential to the course of history.
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Anonymous2/21/2016 9:58 PM
The 19th century was the century of social and economic change due to mass production, technological innovation,and territorial expansion. These are only mere examples of social and economic change, however just as mass production allowing for economic growth there were social downfalls that came along with it concerning the workers; or technological innovations such as railroads allowing for social connections to thrive and territorial expansions were also connected to social burdens. As a result of social and economic changes...reforms were made and passed, ideas were communicated and objects were created and passed and cultures began to clash in the nineteenth century. -Marylou (just in case my username didn't show up)

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Unknown2/23/2016 9:07 AM
The shift to a mechanized Europe was a prevalent theme throughout the second half of the nineteenth century.
The transfer to a country that relied on excessive manufacturing rather than the work of the individuals led to many social and economical changes. A turn towards nature amongst a society urbanized by industrialization resulted in new art forms, such as impressionism, and other social changes including the push towards living in an urbanized environment. Economic changes were inspired from these technological advances, shown alongside social changes as the economy moved to one that centers around things produced in mechanized factories, and nations could no longer depend on the loans provided by allies if they lacked money backed by gold.
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Unknown2/23/2016 9:23 AM
The second half of the nineteenth century is an era categorized as a period of great social and economic change through advancements in technology, changes in political policies, and a development of nationalist ideals. A majority of this change was brought about by the Napoleonic wars and the Congress of Vienna, which ignited a sense of nationalism in many countries as well as new political ideas such as Otto Von Bismarck's implication of Realpolitik. Industrialism and the rise of capitalism also contributed greatly to the technological as well as economic transformations during this time.

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South Paw Sandlapper2/24/2016 11:12 AM
Mae Cosgrove
Feb. 18, 2015

For what reasons, and with what results, was the second half of the nineteenth century a period of social and economic change?

Throughout history, many diverse movements and developments have shaped the past of the modern world. In particular, the late nineteenth century was a time of great social and economic change because of major industrialization. The production of more goods provided economic acceleration as they were able to be exported. It also caused many people to move closer to the cities to find work, and ultimately resulted in the popular rise of urbanization. Inevitably, this sparked debates of socialism to accompany the increases in manufacturing. The population were far from unity, however. The romantic movement introduced feelings of individualism, which made for an insignificant communal society. People preferred to do things for themselves, believing their own needs far more significant than those of others, causing breakages and societal struggles. The second half of the nineteenth century was a major period of social and economic change due, in part, to the evolution of intellectual ideas.
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South Paw Sandlapper2/24/2016 12:16 PM
MaryAnn Quintana
This is my paragraph:
In the post French Revolution Era, there were social and economic changes. During the second half of the nineteenth century, the Industrial Revolution took over Europe. This revolution greatly impacted these social and economic changes through out the next century. In Europe, social changes happened by the effect of urbanization, and the economy changed with the increase of factory produced products, and the growth of new ideas.
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Unknown2/26/2016 12:27 AM
The second half of the nineteenth century was a time of economic change for many countries but also a time for social change. Europe's economic development is found in the unity of new countries, like Italy and Germany. Italy's unification after some rebellions, made the weak, separated states into a stronger, unified country. Germany had the three "Blood and Iron Wars" for unification before it became a single nation. Social changes are found in the many revolutions of 1848 where the European people demanded better living and working conditions in the new urban and industrialized cities. The second half of the nineteenth century had many impacts on the people of Europe, but economically and socially, the new countries and inventions changed citizens lives drastically.
-Raquel Walker
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Unknown2/26/2016 12:35 AM
The 19th century was a time of dramatic change in all aspects; however, the period was most affected and characterized by the social and economic evolutions that occurred. Developments like the industrial revolution and communism and socialism, affected the daily lives of people of all classes, along with influencing the political and intellectual changes as well, truly making this a period of transformation on a wide reaching and varied scale. The industrial revolution occurred by reason of population growth, nationalism, and availability and demand of key resources, and led to technological advancements such as the steam engine, steel and iron production, and inventions (such as the spinning jenny and the flying shuttle) within the textile industry. These advancements not only altered the lives of the bosses who used them to build a fortune, but the workers who were affected by the rapid urbanization and transition to a life full of unemployment, poor conditions, and the loss of skilled work to machinery. In addition, The Communist Manifesto, published in 1848 outlined a new radical political, economic, intellectual, but predominantly social critique of the current world order that advocated for the rise of the proletariat over the bourgeoise. This suggestion of total equality and dissolution of class, along with the less extreme values of socialism (which aimed to fairly distribute rewards from production to the common people) would gather widespread support and shape the way people saw the world, leading to models of government in utopian communities and even entire countries. Thus, socially and economically, the second half of the nineteenth century marked dramatic change in Europe, especially in how these changes affected and regarded the common man.
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South Paw Sandlapper2/26/2016 8:04 AM
Mallory Burbage -
The Industrial Revolution was one of the biggest parts of the nineteenth century. Not only did it lead to great inventions like the steam engine, it helped the middle class workers discover their true worth. Through this, many reforms were created to more evenly distribute wealth and power. Democratic ideals were becoming more popular as well, and more political beliefs such as communism and socialism were discovered. Romanticism was also great for the population because as they turned to art, literature, and technology they could interpret things their own way now, not everything was established by the church and a single idea didn't have to be followed. Everyone was more determined to express their beliefs.
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South Paw Sandlapper2/26/2016 8:07 AM
Sammie Killmer -
The second half of the nineteenth century was an important time as social and economic change proved prevalent all across Europe. As the Industrial Revolution began to accelerate the production of capital, the shift between a mercantilist society and capitalist society took place. Many moved from the rural areas to larger cities looking for job opportunities within the factories to keep up with the high demands of the new capitalist market. Due to the popularity of urbanization, a surge of nationalism was founded as well. This resulted in the unification of both the Italian and Germanic states (in 1815 and 1871 respectively). The social structure in Europe up until the rise of modernization was more lax than the rigid class systems that formed after the Industrial Revolution.
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Unknown2/26/2016 9:48 AM
The second half of the nineteenth century marked one of the largest economic and social revolutions the world had yet seen. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Europe watched its population grow to nearly 175% of its previous state, primarily due to the introduction of more stable crops such as potatoes. This growing population forced people to innovate to be able to provide for themselves. In many economies, this would be devastating, but in the booming European one, with its trade advantages, was in a perfect state to take advantage. This had two primary effects; it kick-started the industrial revolution, and tended to force people away from traditional beliefs to those more rooted in science, liberalism, and free-market capitalism. These social and economic changes served to revolutionize European society, with far-reaching impacts well beyond the borders of Western Europe itself.
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Anonymous2/26/2016 11:16 AM
The second half of the nineteenth century expanded economically, socially, politically, and intellectually in many ways. The Industrial Revolution, unarguably, drove the increase in production and arguably population as a result of many factors. The new emerging ideas of communism and socialism helped to drive forward intellectual thought. The dividing up of Africa by the major nations was a hugely important part of almost every aspect (P.I.E.S) and had significant lasting impacts. People also began to read and write for themselves, expanding individual thought and collaboration as well. The new idea of imperialism also changed many things, politically and economically. Overall, it was a time of great change and growth.

-benny boy
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WWDaniel33/02/2016 12:46 PM
Leila Vaucher
For what reasons, and with what results, was the second half of the nineteenth century a period of social and economic change?

The second half of the nineteenth century was introduced by the the Revolutions of 1848. This convinced political rulers that change was needed, not only political but also economic and social. After many years of industrial progress, all the new ideas added up to a certain apogee, the Industrial Revolution. It shifted the economy system and deeply impacted the social life in the nineteenth century. It is interesting to consider the outcomes of all these revolutions and changes that have led to the unification in a majority of the European countries. Without the social reforms of the nineteenth century, economical systems would never have evolved.Therefore, this essay will concentrate on explaining why and how the social change occurred in this historical period and how all together they led to unification.
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